In Recent Decades, the Traditional Family Has Been Replaced by

The Decline of the Traditional Family

One parent households, cohabitation, same sex families, and voluntary childless couples are increasingly common.

Learning Objectives

Summarize the prevalence of unmarried parents, cohabitation, same-sex couples, and single individuals

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Ane contempo trend illustrating the irresolute nature of families is the ascent in prevalence of unmarried-parent families.
• Cohabitation is an intimate relationship that includes a common living place and which exists without the benefit of legal, cultural, or religious sanction.
• While homosexuality has existed for thousands of years among human beings, formal marriages between homosexual partners is a relatively recent miracle.
• Voluntary childlessness in women is defined as women of childbearing age who are fertile and do not intend to accept children.

Fundamental Terms

• cohabitation: An emotionally and physically intimate human relationship that includes a common living place and which exists without legal or religious sanction.
• Voluntary Childlessness: Women of childbearing age who are fertile and do not intend to have children, women who have called sterilization, or women past childbearing age who were fertile but chose not to have children.

Family structures of some kind are found in every society. Pairing off into formal or informal marital relationships originated in hunter-gatherer groups to forge networks of cooperation beyond the immediate family. Intermarriage between groups, tribes, or clans was ofttimes political or strategic and resulted in reciprocal obligations between the ii groups represented by the marital partners. Yet, marital dissolution was not a serious problem as the obligations resting on marital longevity were not particularly loftier.

One Parent Households

One recent trend illustrating the changing nature of families is the rise in prevalence of single-parent families. While somewhat more than common prior to the twentieth century due to the more than frequent deaths of spouses, in the late nineteenth and early on twentieth centuries, the nuclear family unit became the societal norm in most Western nations. But what was the prevailing norm for much of the twentieth century is no longer the actual norm, nor is information technology perceived as such.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the change in the economical construction of the The states –-the inability to support a nuclear family on a unmarried wage–-had pregnant ramifications on family life. Women and men began delaying the age of get-go marriage in society to invest in their earning ability before marriage by spending more than fourth dimension in schoolhouse. The increased levels of educational activity among women, with women now earn more than fifty% of bachelor'south degrees, positioned women to survive economically without the support of a hubby. Past 1997, twoscore% of births to unmarried American women were intentional and, despite a still prominent gender gap in pay, women were able to survive as single mothers.

Cohabitation

Cohabitation is an intimate relationship that includes a mutual living place and which exists without the benefit of legal, cultural, or religious sanction. It can be seen as an alternative class of marriage, in that, in practice, it is similar to marriage, but it does not receive the aforementioned formal recognition by religions, governments, or cultures. The cohabiting population, although inclusive of all ages, is mainly made up of those between the ages of 25 and 34. In 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau reported 4.85 one thousand thousand cohabiting couples, up more than than i,000% from 1960, when there were 439,000 such couples. More than half of couples in the United States lived together, at least briefly, before walking down the alley.

Aforementioned- Sex Unions

While homosexuality has existed for thousands of years amidst human beings, formal marriages between homosexual partners is a relatively contempo phenomenon. As of 2009, simply two states in the United States recognized marriages between same-sex partners, Massachusetts and Iowa, where aforementioned-sex spousal relationship was formally allowed as of May 17, 2004 and April 2009, respectively. Three additional states allow same-sex civil unions, New Bailiwick of jersey, Connecticut, and Vermont. Between May 2004 and December 2006, vii,341 same-sex couples married in Massachusetts. Bold the pct of homosexuals in Massachusetts is similar to that of the rest of the nation, the higher up number indicates that xvi.7% of homosexuals in Massachusetts married during that time. Massachusetts is also the state with the lowest divorce rate.

Same sex couples, while becoming increasingly more common, still only account for about 1 percent of American households, co-ordinate to 2010 Census data. Well-nigh 0.five percent of American households were same-sex couples in 2000, so this number has doubled, and it is expected to continuing increasing by the side by side Demography data.

Childfree Couples

Voluntary childlessness in women is defined as women of childbearing age who are fertile and do not intend to have children, women who have chosen sterilization, or women past childbearing age who were fertile but chose not to have children. Individuals can too exist "temporarily childless" or do not currently have children merely desire children in the future. The availability of reliable contraception along with support provided in old age by systems other than traditional familial ones has made childlessness an choice for some people in developed countries. In virtually societies and for virtually of man history, choosing to be childfree was both hard and undesirable. To achieve the goal of remaining childfree, some individuals undergo medical sterilization or relinquish their children for adoption.

Household types in the The states in 2006: This figure shows that roughly five% of households in the Usa are made upwardly of cohabiting couples of diverse types: heterosexual, gay, or, lesbian.

Change in Marriage Rate

Over the by 3 decades, union rates in the Usa take increased for all racial and ethnic groups.

Learning Objectives

Recognize changes in marriage patterns

Cardinal Takeaways

Key Points

• Union is a social union or legal contract between people, called spouses, that creates kinship.
• Marriage laws accept changed over the course of The states history, including the removal of bans on interracial union.
• Of all racial categories considered past the U.S. Demography, African-Americans accept married the to the lowest degree.
• Of all racial categories considered past the U.S. Census, Hispanics have married the nigh.
• The boilerplate family income for married households is higher than the average family income of single households. Withal, marriage rates accept increased for poverty -stricken populations equally well.

Key Terms

• wedding: Marriage ceremony; a ritual officially celebrating the showtime of a wedlock.
• Spousal relationship Laws: The legal requirements that determine the validity of a matrimony.

Spousal relationship is a social union or legal contract betwixt people, called spouses, that creates kinship. The definition of union varies according to unlike cultures, simply is usually an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged. Such a union is often formalized through a hymeneals ceremony.

Marriage Rates in the United States

Matrimony laws have inverse over the course of United States history, including the removal of bans on interracial marriage. In the twenty-first century, laws have been passed enabling aforementioned-sex marriages in several states. According to the United States Census Bureau, two,077,000 marriages occurred in the United States in 2009. The median age for the beginning marriage of an American has increased in recent years; the median age in the early 1970s was 21 for women and 23 for men, and rose to 26 for women and 28 for men by 2009. As of 2006, 55.7% of Americans age 18 and over were married. According to the 2008-2010 American Customs Survey 3-Yr Estimates, males over the age of 15 have married at a rate of 51.5%. Females over the age of 15 have married at a rate of 47.7%. The separation rate is 1.viii% for males and 0.1% for females.

Marriage Trends

African Americans take married the least of all of the major indigenous groups in the U.South., with a 29.9% marriage rate, but have the highest separation rate which is 4.5%. This results in a high per centum of unmarried mother households among African Americans compared with other indigenous groups (White, African American, Native Americans, Asian, Hispanic). This can lead a child to become closer to his/her mother, the only caregiver. Yet 1 parent households are too more susceptible to economic difficulties. Native Americans accept the second lowest marriage rate at 37.ix%. Hispanics have a 45.1% wedlock rate, with a 3.v% separation rate.

In the United States, the two ethnic groups with the highest marriage rates included Asians with 58.v%, and Whites with 52.9%. Asians have the everyman rate of divorce amidst the main groups with one.viii%. Whites, African Americans, and Native Americans have the highest rates of being widowed, ranging from 5%-half dozen.5%. They also have the highest rates of divorce amongst the 3, ranging from xi%-13%, with Native Americans having the highest divorce rate.

Marital Status in the Us Chart: This paradigm depicts marital condition in the U.S.

According to the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau, the boilerplate family income is higher than previous years, at $62,770. Nevertheless, the per centum of family households below the poverty line in 2011 was 15.1%, college than in 2000 when it was xi.3%.

Single Mothers

With the rise of single-parent households, single mothers have become more than mutual in the U.s.a..

Learning Objectives

Discuss the factors involved in the increasing number of single-parent households

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• One contempo tendency illustrating the changing nature of families is the rise in prevalence of unmarried-parent household.
• The expectation of unmarried mothers every bit primary caregiver is a office of traditional parenting trends between mothers and fathers.
• In the United States, 27% of single mothers live below the poverty line, equally they lack the fiscal resources to support their children when the birth male parent is unresponsive.

Key Terms

• nuclear family: a family unit consisting of at most a father, female parent and dependent children.
• Main Caregiver: The person who takes primary responsibleness for someone who cannot intendance fully for themselves.

One recent trend illustrating the irresolute nature of families is the rise in prevalence of the single-parent household. While somewhat more common prior to the xx^thursday century due to the more frequent deaths of spouses, the nuclear family unit became the societal norm in about Western nations. But what was the prevailing norm for much of the twenty^thursday century is no longer the bodily norm, nor is it perceived as such.

Since the 1960s, there has been a marked increase in the number of children living with a single parent. The 1960 Usa Demography reported that 9% of children were dependent on a single parent; this number that has increased to 28% past the 2000 United states of america Census. The spike was caused by an increase in unmarried pregnancies, which 36% of all births past unmarried women, and to the increasing prevalence of divorces among couple.

The prevalence of single mothers as main caregiver is a part of traditional parenting trends between mothers and fathers. In the Us, 27% of single mothers live below the poverty line, equally they lack the financial resources to support their children when the nascence begetter is unresponsive. Although the public is sympathetic with low-wage single mothers, government benefits are fairly low. Many seek aid past living with some other adult, such as a relative, fictive kin, or significant other. Divorced mothers who re-marry have fewer financial struggles than single unmarried mothers, who cannot piece of work for longer periods of fourth dimension without shirking their child-caring responsibilities. Unmarried mothers are thus more likely to conjugate with another adult. In the United States, the rate of unintended pregnancy is higher amidst unmarried couples than amidst married ones. In 1990, 73% of births to unmarried women were unintended at the time of conception, compared to about 44% of births overall.

Single Motherhood: Marisa Beagle, sophomore history major, and her daughter, Noelle, sit in the parking lot of the Salem Campus, where she attends school 45 minutes away from her domicile in East Palestine, almost the Pennsylvania border. Marisa and Noelle, 18 months, live with Marisa'due south parents. A single parent, Beagle says it'south tough to attend schoolhouse and enhance a girl simultaneously, but with the support of her family, she's able to make it work.

The "Sandwich Generation" and Elder Care

Elderly care is the fulfillment of the special needs and requirements that are unique to senior citizens.

Learning Objectives

Describe the challenges of elderly care in the U.S.

Central Takeaways

Key Points

• The Sandwich generation is a generation of people who intendance for their aging parents while supporting their own children.
• Elderly care encompasses such services as assisted living, adult day care, long-term care, nursing homes, hospice intendance, and in-dwelling house intendance, as well as less formalized caretaking, such every bit by an elderberry'southward grown child.
• Given the pick, most elders would adopt to continue to live in their own homes rather than move to an elder home or caretaking facility.
• Respite intendance allows caregivers the opportunity to keep vacation or a business trip and know that their elder has good quality temporary intendance. Without this assist, the elder might have to move permanently to an outside facility.

Central Terms

• sandwich generation: The generation of persons who are the children of baby boomers, whose lifestyle is governed past the fact that they must simultaneously intendance for the needs of their children and their own elderly parents.
• Respite Care: Temporary care that allows caregivers the opportunity to keep vacation or a business trip and know that their elderberry has skilful quality temporary care, for without this aid the elder might take to motility permanently to an outside facility.

Elderly intendance is the fulfillment of the special needs and requirements that are unique to senior citizens. This wide term encompasses such services as assisted living, developed twenty-four hours intendance, long-term intendance, nursing homes, hospice care, and in-home intendance. Considering of the wide variety of elderly care found globally, as well as different cultural perspectives on elderly citizens, the subject cannot exist limited to any one exercise. For case, many countries in Asia utilize government-established elderly care quite infrequently, preferring the traditional methods of existence cared for by younger generations of family members.

Elderly Intendance in the United States

The form of elderly care provided varies greatly amidst countries and is changing speedily. According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, the older population—persons 65 years or older—numbered 39.6 million in 2009. They represented 12.9% of the U.S. population, or virtually one in every eight Americans. By 2030, there will be about 72.1 million older persons, more than twice their number in 2000. In the U.s., most of the large multi-facility providers are publicly owned and managed equally for-profit businesses. Given the option, nigh elders would prefer to continue to alive in their own homes. Unfortunately, the bulk of elderly people gradually lose performance ability and require either additional assistance in the home or a move to an eldercare facility. The adult children of these elders often face a difficult challenge in helping their parents make the right choices.

One relatively new service in the The states that can help keep the elderly in their homes longer is respite care. This blazon of intendance allows caregivers the opportunity to go on holiday or a business trip and know that their elder has good quality temporary intendance. Without this help, the elder might have to movement permanently to an exterior facility. Another unique type of care cropping in U.S. hospitals is chosen acute care of elder units, or ACE units, which provide "a homelike setting" within a medical center specifically for the elderly.

The Sandwich Generation

The Sandwich generation is a generation of people who care for their aging parents while supporting their own children. According to the Pew Enquiry Center, just over 1 of every 8 Americans anile 40 to 60 is both raising a child and caring for a parent, in addition to between 7 to ten meg adults caring for their aging parents from a long altitude.

Elderly Care: Wishaw Full general Infirmary

Childless Couples

Voluntary childlessness in women is defined as women of childbearing historic period who are fertile and do not intend to accept children.

Learning Objectives

Hash out the factors involved in voluntary childlessness

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• To achieve the goal of remaining childfree, some individuals undergo medical sterilization or relinquish their children for adoption.
• The factors involved in voluntary childlessness include age, income, unmarried condition, and higher pedagogy.
• Most societies place a loftier value on parenthood in adult life, so that people who remain childless intentionally are sometimes stereotyped as beingness "individualistic" people who avoid social responsibility and are less prepared to commit themselves to helping others.

Fundamental Terms

• Childfree: Childfree (sometimes spelled child-free), also known as voluntary childlessness, is a class of childlessness. Voluntary childlessness in women is divers as women of childbearing age who are fertile and do not intend to accept children, women who have chosen sterilization, or women by childbearing age who were fertile but chose not to have children.
• sterilization: A procedure to permanently prevent an organism from reproducing.

Childless Couples

Voluntary childlessness in women is defined every bit women of childbearing age who are fertile and do not intend to have children, women who have called sterilization, or women past childbearing age who were fertile but chose not to have children. Individuals can also be "temporarily childless" but want children in the time to come. The availability of reliable contraception along with back up provided in one-time age past systems other than traditional familial ones has fabricated childlessness an selection for some people in developed countries. In well-nigh societies and for near of human history, choosing to be childfree was both difficult and undesirable. To accomplish the goal of remaining childfree, some individuals undergo medical sterilization or relinquish their children for adoption.

Factors Involved in Voluntary Childlessness

First, while younger women are more likely to be childless, older women are more than likely to country that they intend to remain childless in the hereafter. Thus age plays a meaning function in the decision. Further, co-ordinate to 2004 U.S. Census Bureau data, the proportion of childless women xv to 44 years old was 44.half dozen%, up from 35% in 1976. The higher a adult female's income, the less probable she is to accept children: Nearly half of women with almanac incomes over $100,000 are childless. Third, beingness unmarried is one of the strongest predictors of childlessness.

Enquiry also suggests that married individuals who were concerned about the stability of their marriages were more than probable to remain childless. Virtually studies on this subject observe that higher income predicted childlessness. Nevertheless, some women written report that the lack of financial resource was a reason why they decided to remain childless. Childless women in the developed world often express the view that women ultimately take to make a choice between motherhood and having a career. Lastly, the run a risk of being childless was far greater for never married women (35 to 44 yrs old), 82.five% vs. ever-married (12.9%). Adventure of childlessness (historic period 35 to 44) by education level: graduate or professional degree (27.6%) vs non high school graduate (xiii.5%), high school graduate (14.3%), some college but no caste (24.vii%), associate degree (11.iv%), and bachelor's degree (18.two%). The higher the level of teaching, the more probable a woman is to remain childless.

Social Attitudes to Remaining Childless

Most societies place a high value on parenthood in adult life, so that people who remain childless intentionally are sometimes stereotyped every bit being "individualistic" people who avoid social responsibility and are less prepared to commit themselves to helping others. With the appearance of environmentalism and concerns for stewardship, those choosing to non accept children are also sometimes recognized as helping reduce our impact, such as members of the voluntary human being extinction movement. Some childless individuals are sometimes applauded on moral grounds, such as members of philosophical or religious groups, similar the shakers.

Voluntary Human Extinction Movement: With the advent of environmentalism and concerns for stewardship, those choosing to not accept children are also sometimes recognized as helping reduce our touch, such as members of the voluntary human extinction movement.

Some opponents of the childfree choice consider such a option to be "selfish." The rationale of this position is the assertion that raising children is a very important activeness. Proponents of child freedom posit that choosing not to have children is no more or less selfish than choosing to accept children. In fact, choosing to accept children may be the more selfish choice, especially when poor parenting risks creating many long-term problems for both the children themselves and society at big.

Organizations and Political Activism

Childfree individuals practise not necessarily share a unified political or economic philosophy, and most prominent childfree organizations tend to be social in nature. Childfree social groups first emerged in the 1970s, about notable amongst them The National Organization for Not-Parents and No Kidding! in North America. Numerous books have been written nearly childfree people and a range of social positions related to childfree interests have adult forth with political and social activism in support of these interests. The term "childfree" was used in a July 3, 1972 Time article on the creation of the National Organization for Not-Parents. It was revived in the 1990s when Leslie Lafayette formed a later childfree group, the Childfree Network.

Change in Household Size

Household models include the unmarried family and composite family habitation, shared housing, and group homes for people with special needs.

Learning Objectives

Draw unlike household models

Primal Takeaways

Key Points

• A shared house is a household in which a grouping of usually unrelated people reside together.
• A group habitation is a private residence designed to serve children or adults with chronic disabilities or special needs. This type of home usually has a maximum of six residents and a trained caregiver bachelor 24 hours a day.
• A boarding house is a house in which lodgers hire 1 or more rooms for i or more nights, and sometimes for extended periods of weeks, months and years.
• People who live together in a shared business firm are called roommates.
• A single room occupancy is a single room habitation or a multiple-tenant edifice that houses ane or two people in private rooms.

Cardinal Terms

• Unmarried Room Occupancy: A multiple-tenant edifice that houses 1 or 2 people in private rooms (or to the unmarried room domicile itself).
• roommate: A person with whom one shares an apartment or house (U.k.: flatmate or housemate).
• Group Home: A private residence designed to serve children or adults with chronic disabilities. Typically there are no more six residents and there is a trained caregiver there 20-iv hours a day.

Household models in Anglophone culture include the single family and varieties of blended families, shared housing, and group homes for people with support needs. Other models of living situations that may meet definitions of a household include boarding houses, a house in multiple occupations in Great Uk, and a unmarried room occupancy in the United states.

Shared Houses

A shared firm is a household in which a grouping of oftentimes-unrelated people reside together. The term more often than not applies to people living together in rental properties rather than in properties in which whatsoever resident is an possessor-occupier. A shared business firm is formed when a group of people motion into a rental property; typically, one or more of these people has applied to rent the property through a real manor amanuensis, been accustomed, and signed a lease. People who live together in a shared firm are called roommates. In both adult and developing countries, shared housing is an increasingly popular household model. This is due to a variety of economic and social changes, such as the declining affordability of home ownership, every bit well equally delayed marriage and decreasing marriage rates.

Group Homes

A group home is a individual residence designed to serve children or adults with chronic disabilities. Grouping homes typically accept a maximum of six residents and a trained, on-site caregiver available 24 hours a 24-hour interval. Residents of group homes commonly have either a chronic mental disorder or a physical disability that prevents them from living independently. They need regular aid in order to complete daily tasks, such as taking medication or bathing. Other residents may be developmentally disabled, recovering from booze or drug addiction, or abused, troubled, or neglected youths. Some residents have behavioral problems that are potentially dangerous to themselves or others and crave abiding supervision. Since the 1970s, group homes have causeless the function of before institutions such as asylums, poorhouses, and orphanages.

Boarding Houses

In a boarding firm, lodgers rent one or more rooms for a period ranging from ane nighttime to weeks, months, or even years. Mutual areas of the house are maintained and services like laundry and cleaning may be provided. Boarding houses usually offer bed and board, or at least some meals as well every bit adaptation. Formerly, boarders would typically share washing, breakfast, and dining facilities; in recent years, private rooms have tended to have their own washing and toilet facilities.

Single Room Occupancy

A single room occupancy is a single room habitation or multiple-tenant building that houses one or two people in individual rooms. Every bit the value of urban land has increased, many of these properties accept been renovated and fabricated bachelor at higher prices. This has played a role in the deportation of lower-income people who once lived in these properties; it has also been cited equally a reason for the visible ascension in homelessness across America since the early 1980s.

Boott Boardinghouse Store: Boott Mills Boardinghouse and Storehouse, at present restored and office of Lowell National Celebrated Park. Lowell, Massachusetts

Women in the Labor Force

Women in the workforce accept faced barriers, though they have greater access to education and employment in the contemporary era.

Learning Objectives

Hash out three factors that restrict women's access to certain occupations

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Women take participated in the workforce for as long every bit men have, nevertheless women have been challenged by inequality in the workforce.
• Historically, women's lack of admission to higher education effectively excluded them from the do of well-paid and high condition occupations.
• Access to higher educational activity remains a significant barrier to women's total participation in the workforce in developing countries.
• The gender pay gap is the difference between male person and female person earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings.
• The feminization of the workplace is a label given to the trend towards greater employment of women and of men willing and able to operate with these more 'feminine' modes of interaction.

Key Terms

• Wage Gap: The difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings.
• occupation: A regular activity performed in exchange for payment, including jobs and professions.
• Feminization of the Workplace: A characterization given to the trend towards greater employment of women and of men willing and able to operate with these more 'feminine' modes of interaction.

Women in the workforce earning wages or a bacon are office of a modern miracle, one that developed at the same time equally the growth of paid employment for men; yet women have been challenged past inequality in the workforce. Until modernistic times, legal and cultural practices, combined with the inertia of longstanding religious and educational conventions, restricted women's entry and participation in the workforce. Economic dependency upon men has had the aforementioned impact, specially as occupations accept become professionalized over the 19^thursday and twenty^th centuries.

Historically, women's lack of admission to higher education had effectively excluded them from the exercise of well-paid and loftier status occupations. Entry of women into the higher professions like police and medicine was delayed in most countries due to women being denied entry to universities and qualification for degrees; for example, Cambridge University but fully validated degrees for women late in 1947, and fifty-fifty so only after much opposition and acrimonious argue.

Barriers to Equal Participation

Equally gender roles have followed the formation of agricultural and so industrial societies, newly developed professions and fields of occupation take been frequently inflected by gender. Some examples of the ways in which gender affects a field include: prohibitions or restrictions on members of a particular gender inbound a field or studying a field; discrimination within a field, including wage, management, and prestige hierarchies; expectation that mothers, rather than fathers, should be the master childcare providers.

Access to Didactics and Preparation

A number of occupations became "professionalized" through the 19^thursday and 20^th centuries, gaining regulatory bodies, and passing laws or regulations requiring item higher educational requirements. Every bit women'southward access to higher education was often express, this finer restricted women's participation in these professionalizing occupations. For case, women were completely forbidden admission to Cambridge University until 1868, and were encumbered with a diversity of restrictions until 1987, when the university adopted an equal opportunity policy. Numerous other institutions in the United States and Western Europe began opening their doors to women over the same menstruation of time, only access to higher instruction remains a significant barrier to women's full participation in the workforce in developing countries.

Access to Capital

Women's access to occupations requiring capital outlays is also hindered by their unequal access to capital; this affects occupations such as entrepreneur and pocket-sized concern possessor, farm ownership, and investor. Numerous microloan programs endeavour to redress this imbalance, targeting women for loans or grants to plant showtime-upward businesses or farms, having determined that aid targeted to women can disproportionately do good a nation'due south economic system.

Discrimination within Occupations

The gender pay gap is the difference betwixt male and female earnings expressed equally a percentage of male earnings, according to the OECD. The European Committee defines it equally the boilerplate difference between men and women's hourly earnings. In that location is a debate to what extent this is the issue of gender differences, implicit discrimination due to lifestyle choices (due east.g., number of hours worked, need for maternity leave), or because of explicit bigotry. The 2008 edition of the Employment Outlook study past the Organisation for Economic Co-performance and Development (OECD) found that, while female person employment rates accept expanded considerably and the gender employment and wage gaps have narrowed nearly everywhere, women yet have 20% less chance to take a task than men, on boilerplate, and they are paid 17% less than their male counterparts.

Feminization of the Workplace

In response to the pressure from feminism and cultural trends highlighting characteristics in workers that have culturally been associated with women, feminization of the workplace is a label given to the trend towards greater employment of women, and of men willing and able to operate with these more 'feminine' modes of interaction.

OECD Gender Pay Gap: Gender Pay Gap in xix OECD countries according to the 2008 OECD Employment Outlook study

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